I like to discus about how to install various packages on ubuntu by command prompt. So open your terminal by Ctrl+Alt+t 

1. The .deb Packages
The .deb is the most common format. To install those packages you can use gdebi program – that does it all automatically – or enter the termiCtrl+ALT+tnal and run the command.
Installation: 
sudo dpkg -i name_of_packagefile.deb
Uninstall: 
sudo dpkg-r name_of_packagefile.deb

2.The .tar.gz and the .tar.bz2 packages
First of all, it is strongly recommended that you run the following commands from the terminal:

sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install checkinstall
Package unpack command for .tar.gz:
sudo tar zxvf name_of_packagefile.tar.gz

Package unpack command for .tar.bz2:
sudo tar jxvf name_of_packagefile.tar.bz2

After unpacking the package, you will cd into the folder that the extraction process has created and look for the readme or the install file or any other file that will show you how to install it.If you do not find anything or the procedure is unclear, try to follow the classic commands to compile and install by running these commands in sequence:

sudo ./configure
sudo make
sudo checkinstall

3.The .sh and .run packages
Before we begin, we need to give the execute permissions to the file you want to install with the following commands:
sudo chmod a+ rwx name_of_packagefile.sh/run

Now we can type:
sudo ./name_of_packagefile.sh
or 
sudo ./name_of_packagefile.run

4. The .bin packages

sudo chmod +x name_of_packagefile.bin
sudo ./name_of_packagefile.bin

The installation will then start. Where the installed files goes depends on which .bin installer it is, however in many cases it will ask where to install.